1. Lower Stage :-1. Introduction of pottery. At first wooden pots were
covered with layers of earth , but afterwards earthen pots were discovered 2. Human races divided into two distinct classes 1. eastern who taimed animals and had grain 2. western who hd only ‘corn’
2. Middle Stage :-
(a) Western hemisphere i.e in America they grew food plants
(Cultivation and irrigation and baked bricks for house building
(b) Eastern They domesticated animals ; for milk and flesh . No cultivation in this stage yet.
3. Higher Stage :-
1. melting of iron ore
2. Invention of letter script and its utilization for writing records.
This stage is richer in inventions. This is the period of greek heroes.
3. iron ploughshare drawn by animals to grow orn on larger scale.
4. Clearing forests; and iron axe and iron spade used.
5. Great attainments :- (1) Improved iron tools (2) the bellows (3)hand mill (4) potter’s wheel (5) Prepration of oil and wine (6)fashioning metals (7) wagons and chariots (8) ship building
9. Artistic Architecture (10) Towns and fort built
11. Homeric Epochs and Entire mythology.
with these attainments Greeks enter the third stage of ‘Civilization’;
To Sum up
1. Savagery - time of predominating appropration of finished natural products;
human ingenuity invents mainly tools useful in assisting this appropriation .
2. Barbarism :- Time of acquiring knowledge of cattle raising ,of agriculture and new methods for increasing the productivity of nature by human agency.
3. Civilization :- Time of learning a wider utilization of natural products , of manufacturing and art.
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We have ,then ,three main forms of the family corresponding in general to three main stages of human development .
1. For savagery ; "group marriage
2. For Barbarism the pairing family
3. For Civilization , monogamy , supplemented by adultry and prosititution. Between the pairing family and monogamy , in the higher stage of barbarism , the rule of man over female slaves and polygamy is inserted.
Especially a long engagement is in nine cases out of ten a perfect training school of adultry
PP 91
Socialistic Revolution and Marraige Institution
We are now approaching a social revolution , in whcih the old ecoomic foundations of monogamy will disappear first as surely those of its compliment prostitution. Monogamy arose through the concentration of considerable wealth in one hand-a man’s hand -and from the endeavour to bequeath this wealth to the childrens of the man to the exclusion of all others. This necessiated monogamy on the women , but not on the man’s part. Hence monogamy of women is no way hindered open or secret polygamy of men.
Now the impending social revolution will reduce this whole case of inheritance to a minimum by changing at least the over whelming part of permanent and inheritable wealth --- the means of production -- into social property . Since monogamy was caused by economic conditions , will it appear when these causes are abolished ?
State ;- The state presupposes a public power of coersion separted from the
aggregate body of its members . (Engels ) Pp116
Origin of State :- ........... Degeneration of the old feuds between tribes regular mode of existing by systematic plundering on land and sea for the purpose of acquring castles , slaves and treasures. In short wealth is praised and respected as the highest treasure , and the old gentile institutions are abused in order to justify the forcible robbery of wealth.
Only one thing was missing; an institution that not only secured the newely acquired property of private individuals against the communistic traditions of the gens that not only declared as sacred the formerly so despised private property and represented the protection of this sacred property as the highest purpose of human society; but that also stamped the gradually developing new forms of acquiring property of constantly increasing wealth with the universal sanction of the Society. An institution
[Page 12Origin of State ] that lent the character of perpetuity not only to the newly rising division into classes but also to the right of possesing classes to exploit and rule the non-posessing classes .
" Good goverment can never be a substitute for self government. "
" Henery Campbell Bannerman"
" We are convinced that there is only one form of Goverment , whatever it may be called, namely , where the ultimate control is in the hands of the people."
" Earl of Balfour"
Religion
" My own view of religion is that of Lucretius. I regard it a disease born of fear , and as source of untold nuisancy to the human race.I cannot however deny that it has made some contribution to civilization. It helped in early days to fix the calander and it caused the Egyptian priest to chronicle eclipses with such care that in time they become able to predict them. These two services I am prepared to acknowledge, but I donot know any other."
Montague Chelmford called the British Government a ‘benevolent despotism ‘ and according to Ramsay Macdonald ,the Imperialist leader of British Labor Party , in all attempts to govern a country by a ‘benevolent despotism’ the goverments are crushed down. They become subjects who obey, not citizens who act.There literature , their act , their spiritual expression go"
Rt. Hon’ble Edwin S. Montague Secretary of State for India , said in the house of commons in 1907 :---
" The Goverment of India is too wooden , too iron ,too inelastic ,too antidiluvian to be of any use for modern purpose. The Indian Government is indefensible."
British Rule in India :-
Dr. Ruthford’s Words :-
"British Rule as it is carried on in India is the lowest and most immoral system of government in the world--- the exploitation of one nation by another ."
Liberty and English Life .
The English people love liberty for themselves .They hate all acts of injustice , except those which they themselves commit. They are such liberty - loving people that they interfere in the Congo and cry ‘Shame’ to the Belgiam .But they forget their heals are on the neck of India.
.... Let us therefore examine how men came by the idea of punishment in this manner.
They learn it from the Governments they live under , and retaliate the punishment they have been accustomed to behold. The heads struck upon spikes, which remained for years upon Temple Bar, differed nothing in the horror of the scene from those carried about upon spikes at Paris; yet this was done by the English Government. It may perhaps be said that it signifies nothing to a man what is done to him after he is dead ; but it signifies much to the living; it either torture their feelings or hardens their hearts, and in either Case it instructs them how to punish when power falls into their hands.
Lay then the axe to the root, and teach Goverment humanity. It is their sanguinary punishment which corrupt mankind.............. The effect of those cruel spectacles exhibited to the populace is to destroy tenderness or excite revenge ; and by the base and false ideas of governing men by terror instead of reason, they become precedants.
It was not against Louis XVI ; but against despotic principles of goverment ,that the nation revolted.
The principles had not their origin in him, but in original establishment; many centuries back; and they were become too deeply rooted to be removed ; and the Augean stable of parasites and plunderers too abominably filthy to be cleared , by anything short of a complete revolution. When it becomes necessary to do a thing ,the whole heart and soul should go into the measure ,or not attempt it ................... The Monarch and Monarchy were distinct and separate things and it was against the person or principles of former, that the revolt commenced and the Revolution has been carried.
PP 19
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Natural and Civil Rights :--
Man did not enter into the society to become worse than he was before, but to have those rights better secured. His natural right are the foundation of all his civil rights.
Natural rights are those which appertain ro man in right of his existance (intellectual - mental etc )
Civil rights are those that appertain to man in right of his being a member ofa society
It was not against Louis XVI ; but against despotic principles of goverment ,that the nation revolted.
The principles had not their origin in him, but in original establishment; many centuries back; and they were become too deeply rooted to be removed ; and the Augean stable of parasites and plunderers too abominably filthy to be cleared , by anything short of a complete revolution. When it becomes necessary to do a thing ,the whole heart and soul should go into the measure ,or not attempt it ................... The Monarch and Monarchy were distinct and separate things and it was against the person or principles of former, that the revolt commenced and the Revolution has been carried.
PP 19
: 0 :
Natural and Civil Rights :--
Man did not enter into the society to become worse than he was before, but to have those rights better secured. His natural right are the foundation of all his civil rights.
Natural rights are those which appertain ro man in right of his existance (intellectual - mental etc )
Civil rights are those that appertain to man in right of his being a member ofa society